The family political capital: advantages of kindred and market concentration in Chilean general election of 2013
Abstract
In this study, the author investigates the advantages and consequences that "family political capital" brought to candidates for senators, deputies and regional councilors in Chilean elections of 2013. By gathering biographical information on political relationships (defined as the volume and type of family political ties) of those who were candidates in these three elections, the study shows the considerable electoral advantage that those who have access to this resource possess in comparison to those who do not. The article provides abundant "static" evidence regarding how this kind of capital results in market concentration. Further genetic and dynamic study is required into how this capital, and political dynasties, are formed over time.Keywords:
familiar political capital, political dynasties, electoral advantage, Herfindal-Hirschman index, market concentrations.References
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Calhoun, Craig (1993). “Habitus, Field, and Capital: The Question of Historical Specificity”. En Calhoun, C. et al. (eds.). Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press.
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González-Bustamante, Bastián (2014). “Elección directa de consejeros regionales 2013. Rendimiento del capital político, familiar y económico en una nueva arena electoral en Chile”. Política, Revista de Ciencia Política vol. 52, n°2, pp.49-91
Hirschman, Albert O. (1964). “The Paternity of an Index”. The American Economic Review, vol.54, n°5, pp.761.
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Joignant, Alfredo (2011b). “Tecnócratas, technopols y dirigentes de partido: tipos de agentes y especies de capital en las elites gubernamentales de la Concertación”. En Alfredo Joignant y Pedro Güell (Eds.). Notables, tecnócratas y mandarines. Elementos de sociología de las elites en Chile (1990-2010). Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales.
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Joignant, Alfredo; Perelló, Lucas y Torres, Javier (2014). “Political Capital and the Unequal Career Origins of the Political Elite in Chile”. En Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow (ed.,)Inequality in an Age of Democracy. Cross-national Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge.
Mendoza, Ronald.; Beja Edsel L.; Venida, Victor S.; Yap, David (2013). ‘Inequality in Democracy: Insights from an Empirical Analysis of Political Dynasties in the 15th Philippine Congress’, Philippine Political Science Journal vol. 33, n°2, pp.132-145.
Patrikios, Stratos y Chatzikonstantinou, Michalis (2014). “Dynastic Politics: Family Ties in the
Greek Parliament, 2000-12”. South European Society and Politics, DOI:10.1080/13608746.2014.942989#sthash.Z16oMbPb.dpuf
Rhoades, Stephen A. (1993). “The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index”. Federal Reserve Bulletin, vol. 79, n°3, pp.188-189.
Smith, Daniel Markham (2012). “Succeeding in Politics: Dynasties in Democracies”, PhD Dissertation, UC San Diego.
Stabili, María Rosaria (2003). El sentimiento aristocrático. Elites chilenas frente al espejo (1860-1960). Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.
Zeitlin, Maurice, Ewen, Lynda Ann y Ratcliff, Richard E. (1974). “’New Prince for Old’? The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class in Chile”. The American Journal of Sociology, vol.80, n°1, pp.87-123.
Zeitlin, Maurice y Ratcliff, Richard E. (1975). “Research Methods for the Analysis of the Internal Structure of Dominant Classes: the Case of Landlords and Capitalists in Chile”.Latin American Research Review, vol. 10, n°3, pp.5-61
Ai Camp, Roderic (1982). “Family Relationships in Mexican Politics: a Preliminary View”. The Journal of Politics, vol.44, n°3, p.848-862.
Ai Camp, Roderic (1982). Political Recruitment across Two Centuries. Mexico, 1884-1991. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Best, Heinrich y Cotta, Maurizio (2000). ‘Elite Transformation and Modes of Representation since the Mid-Nineteenth Century”. En Best, H. y Cotta, M. (eds). Parliamentary Representatives in Europe, 1848-2000. New York: Oxford University Press.
Black, Gordon (1970). “A Theory of Professionalization in Politics”. The American Political Science Review vol.64, n°3, pp.865-878.
Black, Gordon (1972). “A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives”. The American Political Science Review vol.66, n°1, pp.144-159.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1980). Le sens pratique. París: Minuit.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1986). “The Forms of Capital”. En Richardson, J. (ed), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood.
Budge, Ian (2007). “Uses and Abuses of Citation: How Valid are the Indices? And what are the Wider Research Implications?” European Political Science vol. 6, n°3, pp.302-305.
Calhoun, Craig (1993). “Habitus, Field, and Capital: The Question of Historical Specificity”. En Calhoun, C. et al. (eds.). Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Crowley, George R. y Reece, William S. (2013). “Dynastic Political Privilege and Electoral Accountability: the Case of U.S. Governors, 1950-2005”. Economic Inquiry, vol.51, nº1, pp.735-746.
Dal Bó, Ernesto; Dal Bó, Pedro y Snyder, Jason (2009). “Political Dynasties”. The Review of Economic Studies, vol. 76, n°1, pp.115-142.
Déloye, Yves (1993). “L’élection au village: le geste electoral à l’occasion des scrutins cantonaux et régionaux de mars 1992”. Revue française de science politique, vol.43, nº1, pp.83-106.
Feinstein, Brian. D. (2010). “The Dynasty Advantage: Family Ties in Congressional Elections”, Legislative Studies Quarterly vol. 35, n°4, pp. 571-598.
Fox, Richard L. y Lawless, Jennifer L. (2004). “Entering the Arena? Gender and the Decision to Run for Office”. American Journal of Political Science vol. 48, n° 2, pp. 264-280.
González-Bustamante, Bastián (2014). “Elección directa de consejeros regionales 2013. Rendimiento del capital político, familiar y económico en una nueva arena electoral en Chile”. Política, Revista de Ciencia Política vol. 52, n°2, pp.49-91
Hirschman, Albert O. (1964). “The Paternity of an Index”. The American Economic Review, vol.54, n°5, pp.761.
Huneeus, Sebastián (2013). Matrimonio y patrimonio. Estrategias matrimoniales de la elite chilena en el siglo XXI. Uqbar, Santiago de Chile.
Hutchison, Ray (2007). “Capital (Secondary Circuit of)”. En George Ritzer (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Blackwell Publishing.
Joignant, Alfredo (2011a). “The Politics of Technopols. Resources, Political Competence and Collective Leadership in Chile (1990-2010)”. Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 43 n° 3, pp.517-546.
Joignant, Alfredo (2011b). “Tecnócratas, technopols y dirigentes de partido: tipos de agentes y especies de capital en las elites gubernamentales de la Concertación”. En Alfredo Joignant y Pedro Güell (Eds.). Notables, tecnócratas y mandarines. Elementos de sociología de las elites en Chile (1990-2010). Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales.
Joignant, Alfredo (2012). “Habitus, campo y capital. Elementos para una teoría general del capital político”. Revista mexicana de sociología vol.74 n°4, pp.587-618.
Joignant, Alfredo; Perelló, Lucas y Torres, Javier (2014). “Political Capital and the Unequal Career Origins of the Political Elite in Chile”. En Joshua Kjerulf Dubrow (ed.,)Inequality in an Age of Democracy. Cross-national Perspectives. London y New York: Routledge.
Mendoza, Ronald.; Beja Edsel L.; Venida, Victor S.; Yap, David (2013). ‘Inequality in Democracy: Insights from an Empirical Analysis of Political Dynasties in the 15th Philippine Congress’, Philippine Political Science Journal vol. 33, n°2, pp.132-145.
Patrikios, Stratos y Chatzikonstantinou, Michalis (2014). “Dynastic Politics: Family Ties in the
Greek Parliament, 2000-12”. South European Society and Politics, DOI:10.1080/13608746.2014.942989#sthash.Z16oMbPb.dpuf
Rhoades, Stephen A. (1993). “The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index”. Federal Reserve Bulletin, vol. 79, n°3, pp.188-189.
Smith, Daniel Markham (2012). “Succeeding in Politics: Dynasties in Democracies”, PhD Dissertation, UC San Diego.
Stabili, María Rosaria (2003). El sentimiento aristocrático. Elites chilenas frente al espejo (1860-1960). Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello.
Zeitlin, Maurice, Ewen, Lynda Ann y Ratcliff, Richard E. (1974). “’New Prince for Old’? The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class in Chile”. The American Journal of Sociology, vol.80, n°1, pp.87-123.
Zeitlin, Maurice y Ratcliff, Richard E. (1975). “Research Methods for the Analysis of the Internal Structure of Dominant Classes: the Case of Landlords and Capitalists in Chile”.Latin American Research Review, vol. 10, n°3, pp.5-61
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